<h2>Looking for:</h2>
Windows 10 1703 download iso itar tass news

<a href=”https://istnum.pw/123?keyword=Windows 10 1703 download iso itar tass news”>Click here to Download</a>
<div class=”gavi” style=”clear: both; text-align: center;”>
<a href=”https://istnum.pw/123?keyword=Windows 10 1703 download iso itar tass news” rel=”nofollow noopener” style=”clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;” target=””><img border=”0″ data-original-height=”160″ data-original-width=”210″ src=”https://socprod.pw/ds11.jpeg” /></a>

Advanced Search. Article also available on Microfilm Reel NL Page 1. The Straits Times Ness. Mindef safety review after soldier dies David Miller 5 others hurt when anti-tank round explodes By THE Defence Ministry will review all its safety procedures following a fatal mishap yesterday in which one soldier died and five others were seriously injured when a light anti-tank windows 10 1703 download iso itar tass news exploded.
This is the. Appeal court gets two sets of queries on what is secret OSA case fsefas THE Court of Appeal will have to decide key questions on what it takes for information to be declared secret here, window it has two sets of questions to look at one from the Public Prosecutor. She thought it was fate Allison Lim 1 did not know what to windows 10 1703 download iso itar tass news.
I was so sad I cried nfws day washing my face with windows 10 1703 download iso itar tass news tears Madam Tan Windows 10 1703 download iso itar tass news Chai right48, who went to hospital for ovarian cancer surgery but ended up losing an arm.
Water-resistant to 30m. I We have our standards too! We have them. Page 2. The officials, who asked not to be identified, said the petty officer third class was. Rernama quoted a police spokesman as saying six mo lotov cocktail were thrown into.
Page 3. The agency said that year-old Foo Kok Soon, who operated a. But we have a good group of younger leaders who can lead the labour movement and I think they should <a href=”http://replace.me/13294.txt”>читать больше</a> over. Maybe, but those with strong fundamentals will have nothing to fear. Japanese property te the recovery finally here.
See also Page Page 4. The London-based. The windows 10 1703 download iso itar tass news operation, which included the. Page 6. Dr Dick Perry.
The illness: Brings on flu-like symptoms. Makes its victims feel sick for two to eight weeks, but rarely kills. Is common in developing countries, and is spread by poor hygiene windows 10 1703 download iso itar tass news dirty food and water. Tainted fruit may have given. General Jerry Useni, minister for the federal capital said the government.
Page 8. The decision was hammered out in pro- tracted. In Brazil, that thug may be a cop sdfsf safsf Black sheep rampant in police force, says prosecutor in videotaped murder case SAO PAULO The state attorney prosecuting 10 police officers allegedly involved in a highly publicised, videotaped murder said on Wednesday that thuggery was chronic among Brazilian police, but.
If s all systems go for three-nation anti-aircraft frigate PARIS Britain, France and Italy have agreed to move ahead with plans for a multi-bil-lion-dollar anti-aircraft frigate which <a href=”http://replace.me/3875.txt”>http://replace.me/3875.txt</a> become bogged down in rows over weapons systems, according to French officials. US states clean up after record snow storm BOSTON The north-east United States spent Wednesday digging out after a record spring storm dumped heavy snow on the region, paralysing transport and causing widespread power failures.
Several major roads and most side streets in Boston were still closed because of high. Page Guess who turned up <a href=”http://replace.me/29876.txt”>ppt download for windows 10 64 bit</a> class? Mr Kohl, in power sincemade the announcement on his 67th birthday during a. The woman, named only as Ernestine K, 65, is charged with hews the abuse of her daughter Maria, now The pair tied up iwo driver and his. According to officials, the containers were abandoned when the military base where they were stored was liquidated.
The containers. B million Mr Shelton alleged that his contract entitled him to half the profits generated by the film, which tells the story. Staff Sergeant Marvin Kelley. The incident late on Wednesday left the man with fractured legs and arms, an ambulance spokesman here. John Major breaks promises, Tony Blair keeps promises. Zhao Hengdo abovefamous in both. Mr Werner Resel announced his resignation at an extraordinary general meeting of the orchestra, which he has headed since However, he.
Itat, the draft dodger While he was swinging merrily from trees and ido up Jane, police in World War era Romania were on the trail of actor Johnny Weissmuller above, in a movie still for refusing to answer the call to duty, Tinerama said. It unearthed documents from November He was They said on. The findings also suggest that the inflammation-fighting properties of aspirin may explain why the painkiller seems to prevent heart attacks. Measuring blood. Unhappy lot of girls on diet TWO Australian researchers confirmed yesterday what many parents already knew that dieting made girls unhappy.
Livers, kidneys and the stomach are the key to controlling. Former prostitute wins case against Aussie police force SYDNEY A trainee policewoman sacked after senior officers discovered she had worked as <a href=”http://replace.me/15572.txt”>business plan ppt download</a> prostitute downloxd stripper won an unfair-dis-missal case yesterday and said she still hoped to nave a good time in the force.
Ms Kim Hollingsworth, 30, was sacked in. A major report said that the average life expectancy of theindigenous. He replaces Mr Kengo wa Dondo who was forced to quit last month over his failure to stop rebels from taking over one-quarter of the country. The presidential. Page 5. Page 7. R More than 10, people signed up with us 5 on our first day!
So we want to thank each and vownload one of you. If you have found. Page 9. Lbi LflHI M. H Hear ye, hear ye H sownload Mi Trialists! Meet us at Booth No. I Singapore i Silver Hegner S. Care for a bite of marbled pork? It all <a href=”http://replace.me/726.txt”>ссылка на продолжение</a> eight years windows 10 1703 download iso itar tass news when a staff member of the Tokyo livestock. The epicentre of the quake, which occurred at. Belly-dancing belly good TOKYO office worker Toshie Matsui enjoys belly-dancing after work it is a bellyful of laughs, and keeps her fit.
The undulating bellies and wiggling hips, often seen in dances originating in the Middle East, are not a common sight in Japan but a professional belly-dancer says the. Tokyo to punish adults who pay for sex with teens TOKYO In a bid to stamp tas rising teenage prostitution in the Japanese capital, Tokyo authorities yesterday started a legal process that would punish aflults who buy sex from minors. An advisory panel of the Tokyo Metropolitan District recommended the.
The decision was based on a case involving the controversial Yasukuni Shrine, <a href=”http://replace.me/6176.txt”>читать полностью</a> cherrycanopied oasis in downtown Tokyo. Bigamy and the taking of concubines on the tsas Multiple marriages and the taking of concubines are undertaken by a small number of uneducated people who have suddenly become rich and who have no regard for the law.
Pushy parents driving school children round the bend They must learn piano, computer operating, painting, calligraphy and every conceivable subject supposed to make them more valuable to the 21st century economy. Mr Zeng, speaking at a conference marking the seventh anniversary of the promulgation of the Basic Law. All enterprises that fail to meet limits for the discharge of industrial waste by that time will be closed, and low-yield tanneries as.
The cards, issued to foreign-funded enterprises, identify a limited list of officially-sanctioned fees and wincows firms the right to refuse to pay any charge not cited. Mr Choe Yong Ho was kidnapped on March 22 and threatened with death if. China would hold about 50 per cent in the operation, the Airbus consortium would have 30 per cent.
With the new nws, the Taiwanese air force will have 70 fighters, also known as Cning Kuo fighters. The Chinese-language Apple Daily said that the special windows 10 1703 download iso itar tass news were to take control of security during.
The plan, which would relegate the Premier to the role of a chief of staff, was. Teng-hui playing a dangerous game with Beijing: Page J jk Some call it the university of life, others <a href=”http://replace.me/15931.txt”>http://replace.me/15931.txt</a> school of hard knocks.
The year-old transvestite was shortlisted for lotdrawing to determine if he will undergo two years of military training during assessments at Wat. School subsidies for poor students to be increased from 27 per cent this year to. They discussed specifically ways to expand cooperation in hydro-elec-tric power, railways, sea transport, mutual investment and trade. At least 40 ha of cajeputs wood from which an oily substance used in pharmaceutical products is extracted have been destroyed in.

<h3>
[NewspaperSG – The Straits Times, 4 April
</h3>
 
See also Page Page 4. The London-based. The large-scale operation, which included the. Page 6. Dr Dick Perry. The illness: Brings on flu-like symptoms. Makes its victims feel sick for two to eight weeks, but rarely kills.
Is common in developing countries, and is spread by poor hygiene and dirty food and water. Tainted fruit may have given.
General Jerry Useni, minister for the federal capital said the government. Page 8. The decision was hammered out in pro- tracted. In Brazil, that thug may be a cop sdfsf safsf Black sheep rampant in police force, says prosecutor in videotaped murder case SAO PAULO The state attorney prosecuting 10 police officers allegedly involved in a highly publicised, videotaped murder said on Wednesday that thuggery was chronic among Brazilian police, but. If s all systems go for three-nation anti-aircraft frigate PARIS Britain, France and Italy have agreed to move ahead with plans for a multi-bil-lion-dollar anti-aircraft frigate which had become bogged down in rows over weapons systems, according to French officials.
US states clean up after record snow storm BOSTON The north-east United States spent Wednesday digging out after a record spring storm dumped heavy snow on the region, paralysing transport and causing widespread power failures. Several major roads and most side streets in Boston were still closed because of high. Page Guess who turned up in class? Mr Kohl, in power since , made the announcement on his 67th birthday during a.
The woman, named only as Ernestine K, 65, is charged with instigating the abuse of her daughter Maria, now The pair tied up the driver and his. According to officials, the containers were abandoned when the military base where they were stored was liquidated. The containers. B million Mr Shelton alleged that his contract entitled him to half the profits generated by the film, which tells the story.
Staff Sergeant Marvin Kelley. The incident late on Wednesday left the man with fractured legs and arms, an ambulance spokesman here. John Major breaks promises, Tony Blair keeps promises.
Zhao Hengdo above , famous in both. Mr Werner Resel announced his resignation at an extraordinary general meeting of the orchestra, which he has headed since However, he. Tarzan, the draft dodger While he was swinging merrily from trees and chatting up Jane, police in World War era Romania were on the trail of actor Johnny Weissmuller above, in a movie still for refusing to answer the call to duty, Tinerama said. It unearthed documents from November He was They said on.
The findings also suggest that the inflammation-fighting properties of aspirin may explain why the painkiller seems to prevent heart attacks. Measuring blood. Unhappy lot of girls on diet TWO Australian researchers confirmed yesterday what many parents already knew that dieting made girls unhappy. Livers, kidneys and the stomach are the key to controlling. Former prostitute wins case against Aussie police force SYDNEY A trainee policewoman sacked after senior officers discovered she had worked as a prostitute and stripper won an unfair-dis-missal case yesterday and said she still hoped to nave a good time in the force.
Ms Kim Hollingsworth, 30, was sacked in. A major report said that the average life expectancy of the , indigenous. He replaces Mr Kengo wa Dondo who was forced to quit last month over his failure to stop rebels from taking over one-quarter of the country.
The presidential. Page 5. Page 7. R More than 10, people signed up with us 5 on our first day! So we want to thank each and every one of you. If you have found. Page 9. Lbi LflHI M. H Hear ye, hear ye H all Mi Trialists! Meet us at Booth No. I Singapore i Silver Hegner S. Care for a bite of marbled pork? It all started eight years ago when a staff member of the Tokyo livestock. The epicentre of the quake, which occurred at. Belly-dancing belly good TOKYO office worker Toshie Matsui enjoys belly-dancing after work it is a bellyful of laughs, and keeps her fit.
The undulating bellies and wiggling hips, often seen in dances originating in the Middle East, are not a common sight in Japan but a professional belly-dancer says the.
Tokyo to punish adults who pay for sex with teens TOKYO In a bid to stamp out rising teenage prostitution in the Japanese capital, Tokyo authorities yesterday started a legal process that would punish aflults who buy sex from minors.
An advisory panel of the Tokyo Metropolitan District recommended the. The decision was based on a case involving the controversial Yasukuni Shrine, a cherrycanopied oasis in downtown Tokyo. Bigamy and the taking of concubines on the rise Multiple marriages and the taking of concubines are undertaken by a small number of uneducated people who have suddenly become rich and who have no regard for the law.
Pushy parents driving school children round the bend They must learn piano, computer operating, painting, calligraphy and every conceivable subject supposed to make them more valuable to the 21st century economy.
Mr Zeng, speaking at a conference marking the seventh anniversary of the promulgation of the Basic Law. All enterprises that fail to meet limits for the discharge of industrial waste by that time will be closed, and low-yield tanneries as.
The cards, issued to foreign-funded enterprises, identify a limited list of officially-sanctioned fees and give firms the right to refuse to pay any charge not cited. Mr Choe Yong Ho was kidnapped on March 22 and threatened with death if. China would hold about 50 per cent in the operation, the Airbus consortium would have 30 per cent,. With the new squadron, the Taiwanese air force will have 70 fighters, also known as Cning Kuo fighters.
The Chinese-language Apple Daily said that the special agents were to take control of security during. The plan, which would relegate the Premier to the role of a chief of staff, was.
Teng-hui playing a dangerous game with Beijing: Page J jk Some call it the university of life, others the school of hard knocks. The year-old transvestite was shortlisted for lotdrawing to determine if he will undergo two years of military training during assessments at Wat. School subsidies for poor students to be increased from 27 per cent this year to.
They discussed specifically ways to expand cooperation in hydro-elec-tric power, railways, sea transport, mutual investment and trade. At least 40 ha of cajeputs wood from which an oily substance used in pharmaceutical products is extracted have been destroyed in. Maksum as saying. Elephants in Lampung, the southernmost province on the island of. The nationwide death toll last year stood at 16,, while more than 1. STAYING PUT About 20, people remain in refugee centres in the Indonesian province of West Kalimantan, reluctant to return to their villages following weeks of ethnic unrest West Kalimantan Governor Aspar Aswin yesterday said that the authorities were encouraging the refugees to return home, but were also preparing resettlement areas.
A diamond, an elephant and a robot were. Mr Eric Ambroise, who was shot three times in the head and once. Philippines a kidnap capital? The Philippine Daily Inquirer quoted.
MrArtemio Salvatierra, 57, was driving his van in the town of Taiayan near here when the unidentified men kidnapped him, said Mr. The announcement came amid speculation here that President Suharto who has ruled the country for. Minister of Youth Affairs and Sport Hayono Isman, who proposed the seminar, told reporters it would be delayed until the political. I Jjj. In addition, both the Rover SLi and the month. Because for a limited period only, the Rover SLi.
Left with no avenue to es-. The Sun yesterday reported that the families. The Sun yesterday reported that the procession would involve decorated cars, trishaws and cultural troupes which would make their way. Drug pushers carrying guns for protection ROMPIN Drug syndicates are now equipping themselves with firearms for protection, against both the authorities and other syndicates, federal police Narcotics Department director Datuk Mohd Salleh Mat Som has said.
Over the past two weeks alone, he said, police seized 12 firearms mostly pistols,. Tobacco farmers to switch to other crops KOTA BARU Some 28, tobacco-farming households in the country, threatened by the loss of their competitive edge, will move into other agricultural fields on the advice on the Cabinet in order to secure more income. While expressing confidence. The aircraft, which took 21 hours 23 minutes to complete its journey, arrived at the. Samy Vellu announced water cuts lasting up to 33 hours in four major.
But this need not be the case. Wire Manager kit is a simple and effective way to hide all those wires. So you can edit professionally using cuts, f h conjunction Singapwt.
I 10, sq. I changed questions to comply with statute: C J THE Public Prosecutor acts in the public interest when he prosecutes an individual or files an appeal, the Chief Justice said yesterday. If he had come as scheduled, it would have been the first official ministerial visit between the.
Landlords with properties within designated development areas were allowed to recover their Eroperties if they had an approved. Malarveli, 32, was. Then the dog started to bark, and the two fled by jumping into the sea. Deputy Public. Dr Chan Khun Yew, a consultant psychiatrist who heads the Prison. New school building for intellectually disabled Alison de Souza Centre will have facilities to train up to people By LIVING with electrical short circuits will soon be a thing of the past when a training school for the intellectually disabled moves from a disused government bungalow to a new.
Or how about a wobbly jelly that holds its shape in the warmest weather? Such products might catch on in a big way here, if food makers liked what they saw at the trade fair,. Bulk of HDB upgraders one- to three-roomers OVER 85, Housing Board flat-owners, or 15 per cent of the total, upgraded to bigger flats between and , with the bulk of upgraders being the one- to three-roomers.
More than one in four of those in one- and two-room flats moved. Boy, 12, dies after being hit by lorry Jasbir Singh He flew, and then I saw him lying on the road with blood all over him. I have lost my best friend. He spelt out the role.
Led by labour chief Lim Boon Heng, the. I Get yours now! Here on Bintan Island, t- n i nirwana gardens Full maintenance,. Although the thrills of Africa await, many of our.
It is not undeserved. The blasts in front of the. Is Gingrich speaking for the Americans? Answer: Both leaders have thumbed their noses at United Nations pronouncements. Education and the wealth of nations No one needs convincing any longer that education matters The Economist THE politics of education is in a confused and peculiar state.
All over the world, it is taken for granted that educational achievement and economic success are closely linked that the struggle to. The US Department of Defense’s media policy will be described, with special reference to the Embedded Media Program, its ground rules and the media boot camp. The advantages and disadvantages of the position of embedded reporters will be weighed against that of unilateral reporters.
This will be supplemented with the views of war correspondents. Chapter 7: The content of all news reports pertaining to Operation Iraqi Freedom published by four South African newspapers during the first weeks of the war will be analysed in terms of gatekeeping, agendasetting, and framing and compared to analysis of public addresses and news briefings by four prominent US government officials.
Chapter 8: Conclusions about the results of the analysis will be drawn, on the basis of which recommendations will be made. The history of relations between the US and the media in times of war will be investigated by means of a historiographical study, and an attempt will ultimately be made to determine whether and to what extent the American point of view was reflected by the South African press. Initially, no scholarly literature was available on the South African media’s coverage of Operation Iraqi Freedom, and there still are very few completed studies on the subject.
Since , more international studies had become available on gatekeeping, agendasetting and framing in coverage of Operation Iraqi Freedom, but none of these dealt with the interaction between US media policies and coverage in South Africa.
This study will therefore contribute to the knowledge base of international news flow. Using the classical news theory models of gatekeeping, agendasetting and framing as functions of the news flow process as parameters, the origin, flow and content of reports on Operation Iraqi Freedom that were published in South African newspapers will be analysed through a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods.
Propp’s fairytale analysis and how it can be applied to the news coverage will also be discussed. To determine whether and to what extent this portrayal of the war and especially of Operation Iraqi Freedom had found its way to South African newspapers, the theoretical models of gatekeeping, agendasetting and framing that will be used to analyse news documents in Chapter 7, are discussed in Chapter 2.
Additionally, because of the alleged “Hollywoodisation” of the war Knight, ; Watkins, Propp’s fairytale analysis is examined and an argument is made for its application to the analysis of coverage of Operation Iraqi Freedom.
Canadian media and mass communication experts David Skinner, Michael Gasher and James Compton state that Journalists do not simply “find” meaning in the raw data — “the facts”, interviews, etc. Rather, they create meaning out of, or from, this information American former journalist and mass communication scholar Peter Parisi explains that from the perspective of critical or cultural studies news writing represents a set of choices: choices that a define an issue as newsworthy and certain questions as relevant; b admit, mute, or reject information, sources, and perspectives; and c decide the level and extent of detail and “color” with which to render a person, community, region, or issue.
McNelly addressed the fact that between the event and the audience, news flows through the hands of many gatekeepers, who may be correspondents, news bureau personnel or various levels of editors. This observation is still true today. At the central bureau it may be altered or combined with another story before it is transferred through to the national bureau of a country, where it may once again be changed before it is dispatched to a newspaper or radio station that may modify it again, or even reject it, before publication or broadcast.
The audience, in turn, may also act as gatekeepers by passing snippets of information on to other people. Throughout the process, feedback in various guises may or may not have a further effect on the manipulation of the news report.
In Galtung and Ruge identified factors used in the selection of news in the news flow process, and subsequent studies e. Boyd-Barrett, ; Fenby, ; Friedland, ; quoted by Sreberny-Mohammadi, determined that these and other “gatekeeping factors” were predominantly in the hands Western news agencies, particularly in the US. This development did not go far and today international news flow is no more symmetrical than 30 years ago, with the US still at the centre of news output Kleinsteuber, He referred to the person who selected the food as the “gatekeeper”, adding that the theory of gates “holds not only for food channels but also for the travelling of a news item through certain communication channels in a group” Lewin, In , White used this idea in his study of the selection processes involved in the flow of news from the source to the audience past the various filters or “gatekeepers” White, This made him the first scholar to study gatekeeping in the journalistic sense of the word Zhou, White specifically studied what he called “the last ‘gatekeeper'” — a wire-editor, referred to as Mr Gates, who was responsible for the selection of national and international news for the front and jump pages of the newspaper White, This study was replicated in by American communication scientist Paul B.
However, the nature of the news had changed, as in the press was more interested in hard news and international conflicts than was the case in Gieber focused on reporters and their sources as two gatekeepers in the channel of news flow, but he, like White, came to the conclusion that the news is “very subjective”, stating that news does not have an independent existence and that it is in fact the product of the members of a “news-gathering bureaucracy” Gieber, , News, Gieber declared, is what the media make it.
Extrapolating factors identified as conducive to attracting attention on a psychological level, Galtung and Ruge postulated eight hypotheses about news selection. These factors were regarded as internationally applicable, but the authors granted that the selection of events as news may also be influenced by culture-bound factors, which for the Norwegian community included reference to elite nations, to elite people, to people, and to something negative.
For example, in his study of domestic news German-born American sociologist and educator Herbert Gans found that journalists use a range of interrelated considerations to determine the newsworthiness of a story. Gans also referred to interesting stories, which generally are what he called “people stories”. Whereas “important” stories often tend to be “bad”, “interesting” stories are generally “good” or at least “light”. Stories concerning sex, show business, human interest, animals, an unfolding drama, or offering opportunities for humorous treatment, entertaining photographs or witty headlines.
This includes press conferences of Iraqi Minister of Information, Mohammed Saeed al-Sahaf, also known as “Comical Ali” because of the way he “bemused the West with his litany of claimed victories over coalition troops, and amused Arabs with his bottomless Figure 1. Iraqi Information dictionary of insults”. Stories concerning powerful individuals, organisations or institutions. Figure 2. George W. Stories about issues, groups and nations perceived to be relevant to the audience.
South Africa is a remarkably Americanised country, especially in consumerism and the arts Cuthbertson, According to Bush there is “a vital and strong relationship” between the two countries The White House, , making matters of concern to the US important to South Africa.
This, however, did not necessarily Figure 3. Stories with particular positive overtones such as rescues or cures. One of the most significant events during the war was the now controversial rescue of Army Pfc Jessica Lynch from the Saddam Hospital in Nasiryia, which prompted newspapers world-wide to wax lyrical about both her bravery and the heroism of her rescuers Lamprecht, a Figure 4.
Stories with particular negative overtones, such as conflict or tragedy. In times of conflict, definitions of “good” or “bad” news depends on point of view. Few of these images were published, as the Pentagon instructed US military bases that “there will be no arrival ceremonies for, or media coverage of, deceased military personnel returning to or departing from Ramstein Germany airbase or Figure 5. A rare photograph of Dover Del. These are the most important cargo plane at Kuwait ports for the returning remains of soldiers who International Airport.
Tami died in Iraq. Such images were the source of Silico, the contract-worker who great joy amongst people harbouring anti- photographed the coffins, was American sentiments Die Burger, b Stories that are perceived as sufficiently significant either in the numbers of people involved or in potential impact. The “shock and awe” attack was newsworthy not only because of the governmental and media hype beforehand, but also for the more than 1 missiles and bombs that were exploded by the US military forces on selected targets in and around Baghdad on the night of 20 March Rapport, a.
Figure 6. Although president George W. Bush already enjoys “important person” status in terms of newsworthiness, his Thanksgiving visit to his troops in Baghdad Lamprecht, b:6 was a fail-safe move to ensure wide media coverage, especially because of the clandestine nature of the visit. Figure 7. President Bush serves his troops Photo: Associated Press, a. Global coverage of Gulf War II shows clear differences in the news agendas.
Figure 8. Newspapers of 22 March Newseum, Stories about subjects already in the news. Figure 9. The continued search for weapons of mass destruction Photo: CNN, She condensed and integrated these models into a detailed model of gatekeeping, which agreed with McNelly that news flow through various channels to news organisations, such as wire services, newspapers and television networks, where the messages are either rejected or selected and adapted before it is passed on to the next person or organisation.
Recognising the complexity of the gatekeeping process, Shoemaker acknowledged the distinct traits and characteristics of the gatekeeper — people in a news organisation who select and shape news messages, such as reporters, news editors, sub- editors and editors. Figure Intra-individual gatekeeping processes illustration redrawn as in Shoemaker, As seen in Figure 11, these reporters must comply with the limitations of their news routines, and with their employers’ priorities Shoemaker, For example, when veteran Washington Post reporter Walter Pincus questioned whether the US government had proof that Saddam was hiding weapons of mass destruction, his editors refused to publish his story and only did so when forced by assistant managing editor Bob Woodward Kurtz, Reporters accused the Washington Post of printing government views on the front page, while anything contradicting the administration was placed “on A18 on Sunday or A24 on Monday” Kurz, Gatekeeping within an organisation is embedded in communication organisational characteristics illustration redrawn as in Shoemaker, The demands of influential forces outside news organisations are equally important in news selection Shoemaker, In Iraq embedded reporters had to comply with the Pentagon ground rules, which prohibited the publication of information on e.
Because Fox News correspondent Geraldo Rivera broke these rules by drawing a map in the sand indicating his location with the st Airborne unit relatively to Baghdad, as well as their destination, he was asked by the Pentagon to voluntarily leave Iraq Plante, In this section of the model, Shoemaker also made provision for the “groupthink” phenomenon first described by psychologist Irving Janis in , who defined it as a mode of thinking that people engage in when they are deeply involved in a cohesive group, when the members’ strivings for unanimity override their motivation to realistically appraise alternative courses of action.
This phenomenon is of particular interest in coverage of Operation Iraqi Freedom, as two prominent US newspapers, namely Washington Post Kurtz, and The New York Times both used the word “groupthink” when apologising for their erroneous reporting on weapons of mass destruction as justification for the war on Iraq. As indicated in Figure 12, surviving news items that were fashioned to suit the needs and characteristics of the organisation, are subsequently either transmitted directly to the audience, or passed to a next news organisation, where it is subjected to a similar series of gatekeeping procedures Shoemaker, Gatekeeping between organisations is embedded in social system ideology and culture and is influenced by social and institutional factors illustration redrawn as in Shoemaker, The Sunday Times had their own unilateral reporter in Baghdad Schoonakker, , which cut down considerably the number of gates and the consequent sifting and alterations to the messages.
All the other newspapers, however, relied solely on agency material, which some newspapers adapted to their readership, while others, such as The Citizen, published wire reports without rewriting them. As indicated by the feedback loops in Figure 12, news organisations do not act in isolation, but form part of the ideology and social system in which they function, and their news agenda is therefore subjected to sanctioning by their audience as representatives of this community Shoemaker, They are also under pressure from external institutions such as advertisers, shareholders, and government bodies.
The extent of these pressures can best be illustrated by the dismissal of Pulitzer Prize winning news correspondent Peter Arnett by US broadcaster NBC after he made critical comments about the US war effort when interviewed on Iraqi television Sales, Initially NBC defended Arnett, but within 24 hours yielded to outside pressure to fire their only correspondent in Baghdad.
While one cannot allege that General Electric in any way perpetuated the war, it would not be unreasonable to assume that a company would strive to protect its relationship with such an important client Deserano, ; Ireland, Through selection and the assignment of salience by e.
This ability was first recognised by newspaper columnist Walter Lippmann, who referred to “the pictures in our heads” in his book Public Opinion Lippmann, : “The only feeling that anyone can have about an event he does not experience is the feeling aroused by his mental image of that event” — an image to a large extent created by the news media. This view was confirmed in by US sociologists Paul Lazarsfeld and Robert Merton who referred to one of the mass media’s roles in society as “status- conferral” function, which means that the mass media confer status on public issues, persons, organizations, and social movements.
Common experience as well as research testifies that the social standing of persons or social policies is raised when these command favorable attention in the mass media Examining this idea in his book The press and foreign policy, which dealt with the media’s role in the foreign policy decision-making process, Bernard Cohen, a political scientist from the University of Wisconsin, observed that the press “may not be successful much of the time in telling people what to think, but it is stunningly successful in telling its readers what to think about” : It is here, in the description of the political environment and the suggestion of the policy alternatives that give the best promise of managing the environment, that we shall find the press playing such an important role in current thinking about foreign policy For most of the foreign policy audience, the really effective political map of the world — that is to say, their operational map of the world — is drawn by the reporter and the editor, not by the cartographer.
It must be noted that the term “agenda”, according to McCombs , is not intended to imply that a news organisation has a premeditated, often evil, “agenda” that it pursues relentlessly, but is merely a descriptive term, referring to the result over time of numerous day-to-day decisions by all the gatekeepers in a news organisation, from the reporter in the field to the sub-editor and the editor.
That the line-up of issues on the public agenda was very similar to the line-up of issues that was in the new coverage of the previous month McCombs, According to McCombs newspapers provide various cues about the salience of a particular news event through the placement of a report on a page, the page it is printed on, and the size of the headline, for example. When the same cues regarding the importance of an issue recur over a period of days, weeks, months, or even longer, it becomes possible to identify the agenda of a news organisation.
Since that first study almost four decades ago, and more than empirical studies later Weaver, , the agendasetting theory has expanded into five distinct stages McCombs, ; McCombs, The idea of first level agendasetting resulted from the theory initiated by McCombs and Shaw after their Chapel Hill research project which dealt with the prominence or salience of objects: “public issues, political candidates, other public figures.
It could be any set of objects that you might be interested in” McCombs, Other first level agendasetting studies include those by Winter and Eyal , Iyengar and Kinder , Eaton and Brosius and Kepplinger When people are in an unfamiliar situation, they experience a “need for orientation” which makes them turn to the news media to orient themselves McCombs, Highly knowledgeable people will be less likely to be influenced by the news agenda, but interested people who have little knowledge would have a strong need for orientation, resulting in a very strong correspondence between the media agenda and those people’s opinions about an issue.
In recent years, studies of agendasetting increasingly moved away from first level agendasetting, or the media telling the audience ”what to think about”, to focus on second level or attribute agendasetting, which means the media is telling the audience “how to think about” issues or objects Sheafer, Stated differently, while the first level of agendasetting refers to the transmission of object salience, a second level of agendasetting involves the transmission of attribute salience, which in fact may guide people in what to think McCombs, An “object” refers to for example topics, issues, and persons, which may each have various attributes, i.
Just as objects may be presented by the news media as more or less important, so too may attributes vary in salience, which makes them equally powerful as agendasetting tools. Perhaps a quick way to summarize the difference between the basic agenda- setting effect, and what’s now come to be called attribute agendasetting, is in terms of Lippman’s phrase “the pictures in our heads”.
The object agenda, in effect, says “What are the pictures about? What are they pictures of? What does this really look like? Second level agendasetting studies e. Empirical studies, however, do not draw a clear distinction between cognitive and affective attributes Sheafer, Other recent studies on second level agendasetting include those by Scheufele , Golan and Wanta and Kiousis This means that the salience of an object or its attributes in the stories published by one medium will be mirrored by other media.
Once it became obvious that media reports influence the public’s perception of the importance of various issues, media researchers wanted to know who is responsible for the media’s agenda McCombs, This is a complex question with many answers: most importantly, the media’s agenda is shaped by news values and journalistic tradition.
The agenda is also shaped by outside influences, such as various sources: press spokespersons, government officials, politicians, and the ubiquitous public relations agencies. However, an agenda is also shaped by the whole mix of different media – the relationship that exists, for instance, between blogs and news media, both Internet and traditional Weaver Indiana University , Maxwell E.
Although Weaver et al. Kinder associated the effects of television agendasetting with perceptions of the US President “in a demonstration of what some cognitive psychologists have called priming — making certain issues or attributes more salient and more likely to be accessed in forming opinions” Weaver, Priming is similar to first level agendasetting, but goes further by addressing the effect of these agendas on the audience’s perceptions of an issue Lee, It begs the question: “What are the consequences of creating these pictures in the public’s mind?
According to this view, people will therefore make evaluations or judgements based on what they regard as being more important, or what is discussed most in the media, as this information is the easiest to access.
It must be noted that some authors disagree with the notion that priming is an extension of agendasetting, e. This relationship is apparent from McCombs’s definition, which describes framing as the selection of a restricted number of thematically related attributes for inclusion on the media agenda when a particular object is discussed.
A generally accepted definition of framing is, however, problematic. Although there exists abundant literature on framing — some articles are indexed in Communication Abstracts for the period to Weaver, — analysts differ in their interpretation of the concept when dealing with the different approaches to and theories of frames, framing devices, models of framing, framing analyses and framing effects Kinder, Rather, frame analyses are a number of related, even though sometimes partially incompatible methods for the analysis of discourses Scheufele, American sociologist Erving Goffman is one of the first scholars to define framing, which he explains as the many ways in which the media create the context within which the audience may “locate, perceive, identify and label” world affairs, in other words, to make sense of those events.
Columbia University Journalism and Sociology Professor Todd Gitlin points out that the largely invisible frames organises the world for journalists, who report on world events, by enabling them to quickly and routinely process large amounts of information. Conversely, frames also help the audience to understand the world. On the contrary, some form of media frame is essential to the understanding of the world — without it, much of what happens and what is said would remain “mere talk and incomprehensible sounds” Tuchman, Frames, then, define problems — determine what a causal agent is doing and costs and benefits, usually measured in terms of cultural values; diagnose causes — identify the forces creating the problem; make moral judgments — evaluate causal agents and their effects; and suggest remedies — offer and justify treatments for the problem and predict their likely effects.
In order to analyse frames present in coverage of Operation Iraqi Freedom, it is necessary to decide on an applicable frame. This is rather problematic, as just like the definition of framing is vague in literature Scheufele, ; Hyun, ; Kinder, , so is the identification of frames: “We are not told how to identify a frame” Carvalho, This “conceptual conundrum” often leaves it to the researcher to “propose their own definition of frames and approaches to framing study before they begin their research” Hyun, Alternative frames are represented by a single presentation of a sentence or two, reminders of how an issue might be understood.
This study focuses on how international news flows and not on the effects of the news on the audience. Therefore, framing devices are particularly important to this research. Coalition forces were characterised as freedom loving, working hard to avoid civilian casualties and seeking to protect religious diversity Saddam Hussein and his sons, like a gang of Hollywood rustlers, were given forty eight hours to get out of town Knight, 1, There are many reasons for the use of the story frame in the production of news.
It is employed to attract attention by provoking feeling in the audience, “inducing him to feel a sense of personal identification” Lippmann, It is also a consequence of the mass media’s continuous need for more news Boorstin, To satisfy this need, “bogus dramas and humbug heroes” are created which spawn an “empty world of celebrity” Hanson, We expect new heroes every season, a literary masterpiece every month, a dramatic spectacular every week, a rare sensation every night Boorstin, Jamie Shea, NATO spokesman during the Balkan war, told business leaders in Switzerland, in a talk named Selling a conflict — the ultimate PR challenge, that he credited his successful media campaign in the Balkans to giving the public what they loved: “daily soap operas with good characters”.
Whenever things grew quiet on the war front, he used the time “to explain again who’s the good guy and who’s the bad guy”.
The usefulness of the story frame was tested by Massachusetts Institute of Technology political scientist Alan J. Berinsky and Kinder in their study of the decision making process.
They found that citizens understand particular event sequences when they can organize the relevant information into coherent stories. Political leaders, analysts and government officials tend to frame their views and statements — to be transferred to the public through all the various sectors of mass media — with the audience in mind, thereby shaping the way the public process and store information that would contribute to their understanding of politics.
In a study on how people make sense of politics, Berinsky and Kinder found that when information is framed as a good story, the audience’s understanding of the data changes, which in turn appears to shape opinion.
These frames do not need to present strong arguments for one side or another in order to change public opinion. Small and subtle differences in the presentation of information can sometimes do the trick. Berinsky and Kinder declares that [a] good frame is at its heart a good story. To understand why some frames succeed and others fail, we need to understand what makes an effective story. According to Kinder [p]eople know what makes a good story, and this knowledge influences how they understand text and how they represent such text in their minds Evidence is unscrambled.
Causal and intentional relations are established. Gaps are filled. Plot turns are identified. Thus, the story frame is a useful device to create desired perceptions about current issues, and its utilisation as a strategic tool is advocated by US military scholars William Casebeer and James A. Because the story frame has become a weapon in the hands of government officials and military strategists who use the media to disseminate carefully constructed tales Payne, , it became imperative to determine what the elements of a good story are.
As such, Propp’s schema will be used in this study to demarcate the story frame to be used in the analysis of Operation Iraqi Freedom media coverage. He broke down folktales into their “small component parts” and identified eight character types Table 1 and 31 basic elements or “functions” Table 21, next page in the stories Propp, , Not all the elements were present in all the folktales, but those that were, always recurred in the same order.
Table 1. Propp’s 31 basic functions Propp, 1. One of the members of a family absents himself from home. An interdiction is addressed to the hero. The interdiction is violated 4. The villain makes an attempt at reconnaissance. The villain receives information about his victim. The villain attempts to deceive his victim as to capture him or his belongings.
The victim submits to deception and thereby unwittingly helps his enemy. The villain causes harm or injury to a member of a family. One member of a family either lacks something or desires to have something. Misfortune or lack is made known; the hero is approached with a request or command; he is allowed to go or he is dispatched.
The seeker agrees to or decides upon counteraction. The hero leaves home. The hero is tested, which prepares him to receive either a magical agent or helper. The hero acquires the use of a magical agent. The hero is transferred, delivered, or led to the whereabouts of an object of search. The hero and the villain join in direct combat. The hero is branded. The villain is defeated.
The initial misfortune or lack is liquidated. The hero returns. The hero is pursued. Rescue of the hero from pursuit. The hero, unrecognized, arrives home or in another country. A false hero presents unfounded claims. A difficult task is proposed to the hero. The task is resolved. The hero is recognized. The false hero or villain is exposed. The hero is given a new appearance.
The villain is punished. The hero is married and ascends the throne. When these elements are distilled into a simpler form, the most common story told is that of a villain who harms a victim, prompting the hero to go on a quest. The hero receives a magic agent from a donor, which he uses to defeat the villain in order to right the initial wrong and ultimately to win the hand of the princess Propp, While these stories have enduring appeal as fairytales, they also form the backbone of popular cinema.
During Operation Iraqi Freedom the author, as an ordinary member of the global audience, was struck by the strong “story-like” coverage by the media.
In this case, President George W. Bush is the indisputable hero. The Wall Street Journal described Bush as not only of strong moral character himself, but … he actually believes in things He sees rights and wrongs … and has a clear vision of what is and is not in America’s interest and does not hesitate to act accordingly Du Pont, In his January State of the Union address, Bush pledged: Whatever action is required, whenever action is necessary, I will defend the freedom and security of the American people Bush, a.
Against the backdrop of a painting of Jesus, with his body- language mirroring that of the Saviour, Bush is by association framed as everything that is heroic, noble, good, fair, honest, and blameless Photo: Spiegel Online, According to White House spokesperson Ari Fleischer a , however, nobody, but nobody, is more reluctant to go to war than President Bush …He hopes it can be averted, but he is also clear about the fact that one way to save American lives is to prevent Saddam Hussein from engaging in something that can be far, far worse than the price we saw on September Despite this reluctance, Bush b told the press at his ranch in Texas: I’m going to continue doing the job the American people expect, which is to safeguard America and Americans My job is to protect the American people I’ve got my mind on the peace and security of the American people.
And I will do that Bush, c. For this, the US Senate and House of Representatives gave him the authority to take the necessary actions against international terrorists and terrorist organizations, including those nations, organizations or persons who planned, authorized, committed or aided the terrorist attacks that occurred on September 11, or harbored such persons or organizations The White House, The villain.
Saddam Hussein is the villain in this tale, “the man who tried to kill my dad”, according to George W. Bush, referring to an alleged plot to assassinate Bush Senior in Kuwait in Lyon, With his dark suit, fedora and moustache, the gun-toting Saddam Hussein apparently fits in his frame as a Brando-esque villain Photo: CNN, His brutal rule includes slaughter, rape, mutilation and the destruction of families … Saddam is working feverishly to acquire nuclear weapons Perle, a.
Much the same images were portrayed during Gulf War I, when Saddam was referred to as a Hitler, a dictator, a military strongman, a madman who was a menace to world peace and the American way of life, a beast and a monster that Bush Senior had to destroy Kellner, The victim or princess. In his 7 October speech in Cincinnati Bush laid a perfect foundation for the future portrayal of the American nation as a victim in the Gulf War II “fairytale”, who must be saved from the villain.
In this speech, Bush reminded the American people of 11 September , when America felt its vulnerability — even to threats that gather on the other side of the earth. We resolved then, and we are resolved today, to confront every threat, from any source, that could bring sudden terror and suffering to America.
During Operation Iraqi Freedom, US government officials often reminded the American people of the tragedy of 11 September, thereby framing them as the victim: vulnerable and in need of a saviour Photo: New York Newsday, We know that the regime has produced thousands of tons of chemical agents, including mustard gas, sarin nerve gas, VX nerve gas.
Saddam Hussein also has experience in using chemical weapons. He warned that if Iraqi could obtain the smallest amount of enriched uranium, it could produce a nuclear weapon in less than a year: We’ve experienced the horror of September the 11th.
We have seen that those who hate America are willing to crash airplanes into buildings full of innocent people. Our enemies would be no less willing, in fact, they would be eager, to use biological or chemical, or a nuclear weapon Bush, These views were repeated in January , when Bush again reminded the American people of their vulnerability and the threat Saddam posed: because of Al Qaeda connections, because of his history, he’s a danger to the American people, and we’ve got to deal with him before it is too late CBS, b.
The quest. Bush was quoted saying that Saddam was producing and hiding weapons that would enable him to dominate the region and intimidate “the civilized world — and we will not allow it” Bush, d. Bush announced the start of the war from the Oval Office, and told his nation that his quest was to disarm Saddam in order to protect the Americans Photo: The Boston Globe, a.
That duty falls to me as commander-in-chief by the oath I have sworn, by the oath I will keep. The terrorist threat to America and the world will be diminished the moment that Saddam Hussein is disarmed Bush, e. The donor. The US government acted as the donor of the magic agent that helped the hero in his quest. The US Congress recognised “the threat to [their] country” and “voted overwhelmingly … to support the use of force against Iraq” Bush, f.
Fully supportive of the war, despite a few in-house squabbles, “the House and Senate have been doing more cheerleading than debating or legislating when it comes to war-related issues” since the bombs started exploding over Baghdad St.
Louis Post-Dispatch, Congress exercised its war power “by building and maintaining the military through the budget — deciding what bombers to build and what tanks to buy”. The reason given for this united front was that once U. Congress is not likely to leave them in a lurch St. In this instance, the US military acted as the magic agent provided by the government, the donor, to aid the hero in succeeding in his quest.
This “magic agent” was described in the media as an “immense force” that Bush was about to unleash Walczak, , acting with “breathtaking precision, almost eyewatering speed, persistence, agility and lethality” Sullivan, a in order to “to disarm Iraq, to free its people and to defend the world from grave danger” Bush, g.
President Bush gives the thumbs-up sign to his troops, framed as the magic agent with which he planned to obliterate the villain Photo: The Boston Globe, b. The “peace of a troubled world” became the responsibility of the US military as Bush promised Saddam that he will use the “full force and might of the US military” against him, referring to the coalition troops, six carrier battle groups, and more than aircraft that were ready to “pummel Iraq” Walczak, As the offensive stages of the war drew to a close, Bush told the troops onboard USS Abraham Lincoln that we have fought for the cause of liberty and for the peace of the world.
Our nation and our coalition are proud of this accomplishment, yet it is you, the members of the United States military, who achieved it Because of you our Nation is more secure. Because of you the tyrant has fallen and Iraq is free Bush, h.
The victory. This was the moment when the “magic agent” brought the evil villain to a fall in a scene rich in symbolism: the US tanks rolling up to the statue on the Al Firdos square, a Marine covering the face of Saddam with the American flag, then removing it to replace it with the Iraqi flag, the Iraqis trying but not succeeding to pull down the statue, the US Marines coming to the rescue, the giant Saddam that dominated the scene bowing to the American forces, falling, and ultimately revealing that it is nothing but an empty shell.
The fall of this last statue became symbolic of the fall of the Iraqi government, even though Saddam himself had not been captured at that stage CNN, c. When asked by the media when the instant of victory might come, the reply was: “I think we will know that moment when we see it”. That moment of victory apparently did not require either the apprehension of Saddam Hussein or the discovery of weapons of mass destruction. Instead, in another made-for- the-media scene, reminiscent of the film Top Gun, Bush dressed in a green flight suit and holding a helmet, got off a navy plane after it landed on the aircraft carrier USS Abraham Lincoln CNN, d.
Although this happened outside the time frame of this study, it can be argued that the hero, Bush, finally won the hand of the victim or princess, namely the American people, when they re-elected him as president in the elections. Firstly, it was established why a theoretical approach is necessary for a study of practical journalism. The news flow models of gatekeeping, agendasetting and framing were subsequently examined. An exploration of framing failed to identify a single generally acceptable definition of the concept, but it was determined that various authors agreed that news may be framed as a story.
Consequently, Vladimir Propp’s seminal analysis of folktales was discussed and applied to general coverage of Operation Iraqi Freedom. Also, studies are examined that employ story analyses reminiscent of Propp’s fairytale analysis to investigate news coverage. The primary objective of a literature review is to determine what has been done in the field of study and could therefore actually be referred to as a “scholarship review” Mouton, The current study commenced in , shortly after Operation Iraqi Freedom.
Due to the recency of the war, completed studies of news coverage during the war was practically non-existent, with the exception of Hafez’s case study of the effects of military involvement in conflict perception.
Initially, therefore, the review of scholarship on the key issues of news flow and gatekeeping, agendasetting and framing was done on studies that had nothing to do with either Gulf War II in general or specifically Operation Iraqi Freedom, but which showed similarities in some respect. However, by the end of the current study, a large corpus of research on Gulf War II news coverage became available in academic journals.
These scholarships were reviewed post hoc, and the most relevant works are included in this study for the sake of completeness.
In other words, much of the literature was reviewed not to determine possible duplication of research or the methodology used by those authors as it is done traditionally Mouton, , but to indicate various approaches that were followed in studies that ran parallel to the current study. Interestingly, shortly before the present study was concluded, the first results from a similar study conducted in the UK was published.
The study by Robinson et al. The Robinson et al. Theses, dissertations, conference papers and refereed journal articles were consulted through the internet. In the flow of news from its sources to the audience reporters and editors are responsible for the selection of news; therefore they are gatekeepers Nossek, Journalists and editors are employed by media organisations, with their own priorities, and which form part of the greater media as institution.
In turn, the media as a whole is part of the social structure, and as such interacts with and is influenced by other societal constructs. When relevant news flow studies were identified, studies dealing with news flow to South Africa were also considered, even though none of them deal with news flow during Operation Iraqi Freedom. The gatekeeping studies that were reviewed only refer to Operation Iraqi Freedom coverage.
The most notable of these, e. Because they form the basis of the analyses in the present study, the work done by the International Press Institute and Sreberny- Mohammadi is discussed briefly.
It examines the way in which international news is reported and circulated, and notes that globally news flows irregularly, and that international agencies tend to concentrate on hard news and on “elite nations”. War, politics and foreign relations are covered most frequently, while cultural activities and smaller nations as a whole are mostly ignored. Two of these findings are that politics and political actors dominate international news reporting everywhere, and that media across the globe tends to focus on events taking place in its immediate geographical region Stevenson, a.
The latter did not apply to Operation Iraqi Freedom, when the South African media, like that of hundreds of nations across the globe, enthusiastically covered a war that was geographically and politically far removed from the audience itself; the reasons for this could be the subject of a separate study on news values, news flow and gatekeeping.
The results of the news flow study were never published in toto Schreiner, , but some participants decided to publish their “national” results, such as De Beer et al. These results represent two of the very few international studies of news flow to Africa Schreiner, Eribo found that in Nigeria the source of most foreignreports could not be identified, as the newspapers did not credit news agencies.
This study also showed that compared to the global news flow study of coverage of international trade and sports increased while global politics received less attention. In their study of international news flow and events covered by African media, De Beer et al. They found that the media did not overly depend on the four agencies and that they used more stories from their own reporters and correspondents.
This implied a shorter news channel with fewer gatekeepers to influence agendas and frames of the coverage. A more recent news flow study in South Africa is the comprehensive work of South African media analyst Wadim Schreiner who did a quantitative study of news flow to, from, and within Africa.
He noted that although South African news coverage of events outside of Africa is decreasing, intense news incidents such as the attacks on the World Trade Centre and Pentagon on 11 September tend to confuse the picture of news flow to Africa Schreiner, Internationally, a number of news flow studies were conducted since Operation Iraqi Freedom, such as Hamilton and Jenner , Nossek and Horvit These studies look at the news flow phenomenon from a widely divergent range of viewpoints.
In their study of the changing face of foreign correspondence, American mass communication scholars John Maxwell Hamilton and Eric Jenner , delineate changes in international news flow with the aim of elucidating the implications of such changes for future researchers who want to study the interplay between news and international policy.
The authors of the study might have added a category for “expert non-affiliated foreign correspondents”, that is, foreigners who are experts in their field, but not journalists per se, hypothetically for example, if South African naturalist conservationist Lawrence Anthony would write a report for the Washington Post about the plight of the animals in the Baghdad Zoo. Because the term “foreign correspondent” no longer defines the traditional concept, Hamilton and Jenner concludes: We cannot assess the health of foreign correspondence merely by counting the number of reporters sent abroad by major dailies and the networks or by only analyzing stories in The New York Times, Newsweek and CBS News.
None of the incidents occurred in the selected countries, which means that they all can be regarded as foreign news. When it is neither, coverage conforms to traditional norms of foreign news coverage. This belies the common notion that acts of terrorism guarantees publicity, which is the purpose of the deed. The study is interesting in terms of the flow of foreign news, but it is a pity that more recent acts of violence, such as the 11 September attacks on the US and the war in Iraq were not included; not only for the sake of recency, but because the media landscape — especially in terms of technology — had changed drastically during the past decade.
Nevertheless, the study gives insight into the logic of reporters during times of national crisis. American journalism academic Beverly Horvit conducted a study from another angle, namely to examine how six international news agencies reflected the international structure of political power in the period prior to Gulf War II This is done to determine in what ways the news that most probably have reached the American public differed from news that flowed to the rest of the international community: whose perspectives were most salient, and was the coverage for or against the Bush administration’s foreign policies?
Horvit also notes that contrary to the views of some critics, Western news agencies cover a broader geographical area than their non-Western counterparts, and also provided news much more frequently However, the non-Western agencies reported on countries that would rarely be covered by Western agencies, such as Azerbaijan, Georgia, Kyrgyzstan and the Ukraine, as well as Cuba, Cyprus and Nicaragua Horvit, Four of the agencies reported most frequently from the US and cited US officials more often than any other source Horvit, The study suggests that the Western news agencies are even-handed in their reporting, with especially AP, AFP and Reuters getting “much closer to balancing positive and negative statements toward the US” Horvit, Horvit concludes that [w]hile researchers have long studied the imbalance in the flow of news about particular countries, research into source dependency suggests the imbalance within the flow of international news should be addressed, as well An imbalance in sourcing practices is as problematic as — and is a reflection of — an overall imbalance in the flow of news.
This study gives a good idea of the leanings of the different news agencies, and it would be interesting if this study could be expanded in future to determine how the agency stories were eventually used by the media in different countries across the globe.
The news analysis of the current study partially addresses this issue. The Horvit study also illustrates the importance and effect of news agencies as gatekeepers in the channel of news flow.
When reading these articles, however, it is clear that gatekeeping is addressed. Ravi studies the gatekeeping role of nationality and elite opinion in the flow of news from its sources to the audience.
The selected incidents and public addresses offer valuable points of reference to determine whether the newspapers accepted, rejected or digressed from the official US war frame, as well as to establish how national points of view and cultural and political differences shaped coverage of the war Ravi, Indian and Pakistani reports made civilian deaths much more salient “which fitted in with the image of a harsh and cruel war”.
Western society’s emphasis on the individual was mirrored in reports on individual casualties or rescue operations, while the South Asian emphasis was on the collective, which is in line with the value this society sets on the community, rather than the individual. Ravi did not consider the possibility that the “openness and truth telling” of the US administration’s information management was part of a carefully planned strategy, aimed specifically at influencing public opinion in favour of the US war effort Rumsfeld, a.
Palmer and Fontan look at a completely neglected role-player in the gatekeeping process, namely the fixer, and examine how this additional link between the source and the reporter impacts upon newsgathering in Iraq. To determine the key issues in the minds of reporters and fixers Palmer and Fontan conducted semi-structured interviews with 17 French and British reporters and 14 Iraqi fixers working for US, UK and Japanese print and audio-visual media.
They arrange and even conduct interviews, translate, explain context to reporters, assess the security situation, handle dangerous situations and have access to networks of local contacts. Fixers help bridge the knowledge gap that is created by this practice. Palmer and Fontan conclude that the traditional foreign correspondent had changed dramatically during Gulf War II Media bureaus in Iraq are staffed by a rotation of reporters, who do not know the country and its people and are unable to speak Arabic, which makes fixers indispensable.
Although Western reporters fear that their fixers would harm the quality of their reporting, an independent analysis is necessary to substantiate such a claim.
The field of research begs to be expanded upon, for example, to determine the extent of the actual gatekeeping done by fixers.

[ML/corpus_word_replace.me at master · wrk/ML · GitHub

[ML/corpus_word_replace.me at master · wrk/ML · GitHub

[ML/corpus_word_replace.me at master · wrk/ML · GitHub

Search

Categories

Archives